![]() He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar, or pithos, in the marketplace. Diogenes Searching for an Honest Man (1640–1647) by Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione held at the National Gallery of Artĭiogenes made a virtue of poverty. There are many tales about his dogging Antisthenes’ footsteps and becoming his “faithful hound”. He declared himself a cosmopolitan and a citizen of the world rather than claiming allegiance to just one place. He had a reputation for sleeping and eating wherever he chose in a highly non-traditional fashion, and took to toughening himself against nature. He used his simple lifestyle and behavior to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt, confused society. He modelled himself on the example of Heracles, and believed that virtue was better revealed in action than in theory. After being exiled, he moved to Athens and criticized many cultural conventions of the city. His father minted coins for a living, and Diogenes was banished from Sinope when he took to debasement of currency. He was born in Sinope, an Ionian colony on the Black Sea coast of modern-day Turkey, in 412 or 404 BC and died at Corinth in 323 BC. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar, or pithos, in the marketplace.ĭiogenes, also known as Diogenes the Cynic, was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Modern philosophers and educators still employ the patterns of thinking and exploration established by ancient Greek philosophers, such as the application of logic to questions of thought and engaging in debate to better convey philosophical ideas.Diogenes (1882), by John William Waterhouse / Art Gallery of New South Wales, Wikimedia Commons For example, stoicism sought to understand and cultivate a certain way of life, based on one’s virtues, or wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance. ![]() The Post-Socratic philosophers focused their attention on the individual rather than on communal issues such as politics. The Post-Socratic philosophers established four schools of philosophy: Cynicism, Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism. He is often credited with developing the study of logic, as well as the foundation for modern-day zoology. Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.), while also interested in ethics, studied different sciences like physics, biology, and astronomy. Following in Socrates’ footsteps, he became a teacher and inspired the work of the next great Greek philosopher, Aristotle. Plato (428/427–348/347 B.C.E.) studied ethics, virtue, justice, and other ideas relating to human behavior. Because Socrates wrote little about his life or work, much of what we know comes from his student Plato. Instead of lecturing his students, he asked them difficult questions in order to challenge their underlying assumptions-a method still used in modern-day law schools. Socrates (470/469–399 B.C.E.) is remembered for his teaching methods and for asking thought-provoking questions. These are some of the most well-known of all Greek philosophers. The Socratic philosophers in ancient Greece were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. ![]() They believed that humans originated from a single substance, which could be water, air, or an unlimited substance called “apeiron.” One well-known philosopher from this group was Pythagoras, the mathematician who created the Pythagorean Theorem. Pre-Socratic philosophers mostly investigated natural phenomena. Ancient Greek philosophers can be categorized into three groups: the Pre-Socratics, the Socratics, and the Post-Socratics. In ancient Greece, philosophers contemplated and theorized about many different ideas such as human nature, ethics, and moral dilemmas.
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